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Oral Gavage
Oral gavage, also known as oral dosing, is a method of administering drugs or other substances to animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, by delivering the substance directly into the stomach through a tube that is inserted into the animal’s mouth. The oral gavage technique involves restraining the animal, placing a gavage needle…
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Continuous Infusion
Continuous infusion is a method of drug administration in which a medication is delivered continuously over an extended period of time, typically through an intravenous (IV) catheter or pump. This differs from intermittent dosing, in which a drug is given at specific intervals. With this method the drug is delivered at a constant rate to…
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HER-2 and EGFR Receptors
HER-2 and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) are both types of cell surface receptors that are involved in regulating cell growth, division, and survival. HER-2 (also known as ErbB2) is a member of the HER family of receptors, which also includes HER-1 (EGFR), HER-3, and HER-4. HER-2 is overexpressed in some types of cancer, including…
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Cell Line Derived Xenograft
A Cell Line Derived Xenograft (CDX) is a type of preclinical cancer model used in research to study the behavior of human cancer cells in vivo. CDX models are created by implanting human cancer cells that have been grown in a laboratory setting into immunodeficient mice or rats. The cancer cells used for the CDX…
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Adenocarcinoma Cells
Adenocarcinoma cells are a type of cancerous cells that develop in the glandular tissues of the body. These cells can be found in many different organs, including the lung, breast, prostate, colon, and pancreas. Adenocarcinoma cells grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other…
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Human Alveolar Basal Epithelial Cells
Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (ABECs) are a type of lung epithelial cell that line the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. ABECs are involved in regulating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood, as well as maintaining the integrity of the…
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Vitro and in Vivo Models
In biomedical research, there are two main types of experimental models used to study human diseases: in vitro models and in vivo models. In vitro models are experiments conducted in a laboratory setting using isolated cells, tissues, or organs. These models provide a simplified and controlled environment in which to study disease mechanisms and test…
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A549 Cells
A549 cells are a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line commonly used in biomedical research. These cells were originally derived from a lung tumor biopsy taken from a male patient with lung cancer in the 1970s. A549 cells are widely used as an in vitro model for studying lung cancer and other lung diseases. A549 cells…
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Membrane Phospholipids
Membrane phospholipids are a type of lipid that are major components of cell membranes. They are composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head group and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, and their unique structure allows them to form a bilayer that makes up the main structural component of the cell membrane. Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning that they…
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Cytidine-Diphosphocholine Pathway
Cytidine-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) is a molecule that plays an important role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. The CDP-choline pathway refers to the series of enzymatic reactions involved in the production of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a type of phospholipid that is particularly abundant in cell membranes. The CDP-choline pathway begins with…